Many states have passed or are considering legislation banning or limiting the use of expulsion and suspension in preschools. These laws are a response to research showing that preschoolers are more likely that older children to be expelled and suspended from school. The rates are staggering: On average 250 children nationwide are expelled or suspended from preschool every day.
Preschoolers are not expelled and suspended equally. Just like older children, black and Latino preschoolers are expelled and suspended at higher rates than white preschoolers.
Limiting the use of suspension and expulsion for preschoolers is important – not only because of the inequities in these practices, but also because research has shown that suspension and expulsion doesn’t work to address the root cause of the behavior that leads to this type of discipline or to improve children’s outcomes.
Suspension and expulsion is not the answer. But is banning suspension and expulsion for young children enough?
The case of Connecticut
In 2015, Connecticut passed legislation banning expulsions and limiting suspensions in preschool classrooms. After extensive work in this field, both as an early childhood clinician in Connecticut for six years and as a researcher studying these issues for three years, I’ve concluded that these measures are simply not enough.
As a clinician, both before and after Connecticut passed its law, I worked with countless preschoolers who struggled in school. Some ran out of classrooms, or hit and spit at teachers and other children. Others couldn’t participate in class activities or follow directions because they were too anxious.
What did they have in common, besides the fact that at one time they might have been expelled or suspended? Many of them had experienced trauma, such as abuse or witnessing domestic violence.
As a clinician I had a sense of the trauma that a child I was working with had experienced, information that teachers often don’t have. That meant that what a teacher might see as disruptive behavior (hitting, spitting, yelling), I could see as behaviors the student might have seen adults do at home or as a behavioral response to their trauma.
Later, as a researcher, I was trying to find out how trauma impacted preschoolers. It happened that I was doing this research after Connecticut’s legislation was passed. What I found was that the more trauma a child had experienced, the higher their risk of being rated by their teacher as having problems with behaviors. I also found that children who had experienced more trauma had worse relationships with their teachers.
Before the legislation in Connecticut, behavior problems and poor relationships with teachers could have put a child at risk of being suspended or expelled. But after the legislation, these problems still exist.
In a recent follow-up study, I also found that teachers reported worse relationships with black preschoolers compared to other children, even when trauma exposure and behaviors were the same.
Before the legislation, racial disparities existed in rates of preschool suspension and expulsion. But after the legislation, these disparities still exist.
This research tells me that getting rid of suspension and expulsion is not enough.
So what are we missing?
We already know that early childhood matters; what happens early in a child’s life can influence the rest of their life. But we’re still not paying enough attention to what happens when a child has already experienced trauma. Passing laws gets rid of a harmful response (suspension/ expulsion) to a child’s behavior, but doesn’t address what that child or their teacher needs. In addition to saying what schools can’t do in response to challenging behaviors, legislative responses also need to tell schools what they can do– such as trauma-informed practices — and give them the resources to do so.
Trauma-informed practices take into account the impact of trauma on children’s behaviors, learning, and relationships. They can include training for teachers on what trauma is and how it impacts children’s behavior, as well as interventions to support teachers who may be feeling burned-out after managing trauma-related behaviors and to student-teacher relationship. These types of practices may also provide opportunities to discuss and address how other factors, such implicit bias, may impact teacher’s perceptions of children’s behaviors.
These types of interventions do work. Trauma-informed school programs for older children help to reduce children’s trauma-related behaviors and rates of discipline, including suspension and expulsion. However, these types of interventions aren’t often available for preschoolers, and are not typically part of the legislation being passed to limit or ban pre-k suspension and expulsion.
Research shows that it works with older kids, so it only makes sense that it can work with younger kids. Don’t we owe it to them to find out?
Alysse Loomis, PhD, is a licensed clinical social worker from Cromwell.
Did the author study what happens to other children in the class while disruptive behavior continues? Are their outcomes affected?
Still, responding to the preschoolers’ trauma is important. Unfortunately, the author considers a good response to be dealing with … the teacher. There’s even a search for “implicit bias”. Though a teacher can learn how to deal better with the problem, that’s not a solution for the child.
Wouldn’t it be advantageous to develop and implement programs which can help the child directly? In some cases, that can have a beneficial effect.
I recently graduated from Concordia University with a Masters in curriculum and instruction with a focus on trauma and resilience in the classroom. I am a teacher in CT, working directly with students who have and continue to experience trauma. I felt as if I wrote this article! It’s exactly what I believe to be true. There is always a root cause of a behavior outburst. I teach Kindergarten and the needs to teach social/emotional learning and build positive relationships is most important. I completed my capstone project and studied how using mindfulness 3 times a day with a group of 24 kindergarten students reduced behavior outbursts and increased on task academic behavior. The results were amazing! I even had parents talk to me about when their child heard gun shots in the neighborhood they got into their mindfulness position and calmed themselves down.